Amylase And Catalase Enzyme Catalysts Biology Essay

Amylase And Catalase Enzyme Catalysts Biology Essay An enzyme is a catalyst that speeds up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy. Each enzyme works better under optimal conditions, which favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule. Enzyme and substrate concentration, temperature, and pH are environmental factors important by producing the most reaction rate. Also, the different of factors are used to examine the effects of catalase and human amylase. Gas pressure Sensor, Vernier Gas Pressure interface, and Logger Pro are used to collect the pressure of oxygen. At 300C and pH 7 of catalase, the concentration of substrates and enzyme increase and the rates of reaction also rise. However, substrate concentration goes up at 400C and pH 7 of human amylase. Introduction: Enzymes are catalytic proteins, which control a chemical reaction by increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process (Enzyme 2007).The catalytic speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, which needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants to combine with other substances. In reactions, the substances at the beginning of the process are called substrate and enzyme can covert substrate molecules to product molecules. At lowering the activation energy barrier, the enzyme has specific substrates to absorb enough energy to reach the transition state (Campbell 2008). Enzymes are very specific in environmental factors, which affect the reaction rate. The enzyme only works on the substrate that fits the active site and no other (Campbell 2008). The enzyme binds to the substrate called the active site, which is made up amino acids (Enzyme 2007). The substrates enter active site, and the enzyme changes shape such that its active site enfolds the substrate and catalyze the reaction more easily. Moreover, the more substrate molecules are available, the more often they access the active sites (Campbell 2008). Enzyme works better under optimal conditions including enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH because they favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule. Nevertheless, the enzyme will denature and become less efficient the rate of reaction when the conditions get extreme alteration (Campbell 2008). Each enzyme has a different specific temperature, which affects on the rate of reaction. Most human enzymes have optimal temperature of about 35-400C. Substrates collide with active site, the kinetic energy of the molecules coverts to increase chemical potential energy (Campbell 2008). Therefore, the temperature increases to reach the activation energy and the rate of an enzymatic reaction increase. In addition, if the chemical potential energy rises greater, some of the weak bonds of 3-D shape of the active protein are broken (Enzyme 2007). It will denature of the protein and inactivate the protein. Thus, the rate of reaction decrease when there are too much heat. Just as each enzyme has an optimal temperature, pH level also has an optimal of the range pH 6-8.The pH affects the structure of enzymes by altering basic amino acids or ionization of acidic (Campbell 2008). Changes of pH affect to 3-D shape of the protein, and enzymes become denatured. Substrate concentration and enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction of enzymes. When substrate concentration increases, it means that more substrate is added; the reaction rate increases because of using more the active site of the enzyme (enzyme 2007). However, when the active site of the substrate is reached at further point, enzymes are saturated to limit reaction rates. Thus, when the substrate concentration is constant, the rate of reaction of is constant. Nevertheless, when the substrates remain constant, the enzyme concentration increases and the rate of reaction also increases until certain limiting concentration. In the experiment, by different environment factors catalase is used to the actual experiment and human amylase is used to the simulation experiment. Catalase is enzyme present in all living cells. It decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and protects cells( ). Amylase a digestive enzyme made primarily by the pancreas and salivary glands. The primary function of the enzyme amylase is to break down starches in food so that they can be used by the body to trigger specific chemical reactions (Amylase tests.2006). In addition, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ÃŽÂ ±-amylases in human physiology; ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses alpha-bonds of large alpha-linked polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen (Amylase tests.2006). ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is predicted to work best in the human body temperature of 37 Â °C and pH from 5.6 to 6.9. If body heat exceeds 37Â °C by too much cells become impaired or permanently damaged, at lower temperature metaboli sm decreases without permanent damage until ice crystals form in the cells. Also, if pH is extremely high or low, the activity will decrease for most enzymes. Catalase is predicted in the temperature of 37.50C ,the pH under of 8, and the enzyme and substrate concentration is high. Methods: In this experiment, we tested catalase activity by using a yeast solution to determine the effects of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH. Moreover, we measured the rate of chemical reaction by producing the pressure of oxygen and breaking down of hydrogen peroxide. First, we connected the Gas pressure Sensor to the Vernier Gas Pressure interface .Then we connected the Vernier Gas Pressure interface to the laptop. From the Biology with Computers folder, we opened the file 06 Enzyme (Pressure) from Logger Pro program. Then we used a clean large test tube and placed the enzyme solution at the very bottom of the test tube. In addition, we used an Erlenmeyer flask to keep the test tube from moving during the experiment. Also, we used the rubber stopper to insert and create a tight seal onto the test tube, and the stopper valve was in the closed position. We drew up the substrate solution (3% H2O2+ H2O) into the syringe and connected the syringe to the rubber stopper assembly. Later, we opened the valve of the syringe and injected the peroxide solution into the test tube and immediately closed the valve and clicked the collect button on the Logger Pro. While we waited three minutes to collect data, we didnt swirl or move the test tube. When data coll ection had finished, we removed the rubber stopper assembly and discarded the contents of the test tube. Then, we selected experiment and stored latest run in the Logger Pro software. We clicked on the graph where the data values began to increase, dragged the mouse point to the point where the graph began to look non-linear, and clicked the Linear Fit button to a linear regression.For all the experiments, we used the same processes. For enzyme concentration, we used 15 mL of water and 15 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed one drop of yeast at the bottom of the test tube, and we drew up 6 mL of substrate solution. Following the above procedures, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as the slope of the curves we generated during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different enzyme concentrations of two, three, four, and five drops and calculated the slopes as mentioned before. Therefore, we recorded the data in table one. Moreover, for substrate concentration we added 1 mL of water with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed three drops of enzyme solution at the very bottom of the test tube, and we drew up the 6 mL of substate solution into the syringe from the beaker. In the same methods above, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as a slope of the curves during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different substrate concentrations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL of water and 4, 3, 2, and 1 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, we recorded the data in table two. Similarly, we used 3 mL of water with 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide for testing the effect of temperature on the enzyme. We added three drops of yeast at the bottom of the test tube and sealed it with the rubber stopper assembly. Then we placed the test tube in the flask half full with ice water and waited for three minutes. Also, at the same we placed syringe in ice for three minutes. We recorded the temperature from the thermometer placed in the ice. After the three minute period, we removed the syringe from the ice and connected it to the rubber stopper assembly, and we followed the general procedures to determine the rate of reaction. We repeated the experiment using different temperature of room temperature, 300C water bath, 400C water bath, 500C water bath, and 600C water bath and calculated the slopes as mentioned before. Thus, we determined the data in table three. Finally, we added 3mL of the pH 3 solution and 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed three drops of yeast solution at the very bottom of the test tube, and we drew up the solutions into the syringe. In the same methods above, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as a slope of the curves during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different pH solutions of pH 5, pH 7, pH 9, and pH 11. As the result, we recorded the data in table four. Results: Figure 1. Relationship between the rate of reaction and temperature for the human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the program Enzyme Investigation. In this experiment, the rate of reaction of human amylase are based on the constant of substrate concentration of 0.01 mole/L, enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L , and pH of 7.Human amylases optimal temperature is 400C. Figure 2.Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of pH for the human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the computer software Enzyme Investigations. While temperature at 250C, substrate concentration of 0.01 mole/L, and enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L remain constant, pH changes different level from 1 to 14. Figure3. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of substrate concentration for human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the computer software Enzyme Investigations. In this experiment, temperature at 400C , enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L, and pH of 7 remain constant. Figure4 .Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of temperature for the enzyme catalase by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period each trial. Catalases optimal temperature is 300C. In this experiment, the rate of reaction is based on the constant of substrate concentration of 0.5 mL and yeast of 3 drops. Figure 5. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of pH for enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined the experiment on a three minutes period each trial . In this experiment, 3% H2O2 of 3mL and yeast of 3 drops remain constant, but level of pH varies from 3 to 11. Figure 6. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of enzyme concentration for enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period per trial. In this experiment, 15mL of H2O and 15ml of 3%H2O2 remain constant, but more drops for enzyme solutions (yeast) are added. Figure 7. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of substrate concentration for the enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period. The effects are based on constant of enzyme solutions of 3 drops. Discussion:

Poverty in Ghana

In recent years, Ghana has emerged as a leading country in the Western and Central Africa region. It has developed its economy on a scale that could enable it to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) before the 2015 deadline. It also managed a smooth and peaceful political transition in 2008 and 2009, and has created a political and policy environment conducive to economic and social progress and poverty reduction. The Ghanaian economy has grown at an average annual rate of 4. 8 per cent over the past two decades. By 2008 GDP growth had reached 7. per cent. The agriculture sector, which contributed 33. 5 per cent of GDP in 2008, remains the country’s major engine of economic growth. Rapid economic progress has all but halved national poverty rates, which have fallen from approximately 50 per cent in 1991 to 28. 5 per cent in 2006. In the last decade, poverty rates dropped by 8. 6 per cent in urban areas and by 10. 4 per cent in rural ones. Ghana’s growth and poverty reduction rates are probably the best that have been achieved throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the past 15 years. Where are Ghana's rural poor people? Although there has been a substantial overall decline in the incidence of poverty in Ghana, poverty still has a firm grip on rural areas, especially in the north. There is a wide disparity in income between people living in the drought-prone northern plains, and those living in the south, where there are two growing seasons and greater economic opportunities. Who are Ghana's rural poor people? Just over half the country’s population lives in rural areas. The poorest parts of Ghana are the savannah regions of the north (the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions), where chronic food insecurity is widespread and livelihoods are more vulnerable. Poor rural people have limited access to basic social services, safe water, roads that are accessible year round, and electricity and telephone services. Poverty is most severe among food crop farmers, who are mainly traditional small-scale producers. About six in ten small-scale farmers are poor, and many are women. Women bear heavy workloads. In addition to their domestic chores, they are responsible for about 60 per cent of agricultural production. More than half the women who head households in rural areas are among the poorest 20 per cent of the population. Why are Ghana's rural people poor? According to the Government’s poverty reduction strategy paper, low productivity and poorly functioning markets for agricultural outputs are among the main causes of rural poverty. Small-scale farmers lack the technologies and inputs, such as fertilizer and improved seed, that would increase yields. Population pressure leads to shorter fallow periods or even continuous cultivation in the densely inhabited Upper East and Upper West regions, causing soil erosion and loss of fertility. Land degradation poses a long-term threat to farmers’ livelihoods and incomes. Only a small proportion of farmers have access to irrigation. Land ownership and land security are regulated by complex systems that vary widely. Many farmers lack rural infrastructure and equipment for storing, processing and marketing their products. In order to overcome their vulnerability and food insecurity, poor rural populations need help in sustainably increasing their incomes. Good opportunities exist to link farmers to markets and to modernize agriculture. The rural private sector could play an important role in making farming a profitable business through access to financial services, farm inputs and linkages to agroprocessors and traders. www. cfr. org Ghana is rich in natural resources and has one of the strongest emerging economies in Africa. The capital city, Accra, is one of the wealthiest and most modern cities on the continent, and is experiencing a period of rapid growth. Ghana is rapidly urbanizing. Despite this, most of Ghana's poor live in rural areas without basic services such as health care and clean water. Small-scale farmers, who are affected most by rural poverty in Ghana, depend on outdated farming tools and lack access to improved seeds and fertilizers to increase crop yields. Our Work The Hunger Project has been working in Ghana since 1995 and is empowering partners in 49 epicenter communities to end their own hunger and poverty. Through its integrated approach to rural development, the Epicenter Strategy, The Hunger Project is working with partners to successfully access the basic services needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and lead lives of self-reliance. Scaling-Up the Epicenter Strategy Ghana is the first country in which The Hunger Project is scaling up its Epicenter Strategy to provide coverage to a set geographical area and reach significantly more people. In July 2006, The Hunger Project received a US$5 million investment to scale-up Hunger Project work in the Eastern Region of Ghana. By the end of the five-year commitment, The Hunger Project-Ghana aims to have mobilized enough epicenter communities so that each villager in the Eastern Region is within walking distance to an epicenter building. By the end of the second year of its scale-up program, The Hunger Project-Ghana had successfully completed construction of 12 epicenters. Scaling-up has presented a number of challenges to The Hunger Project-Ghana, such as acquisition of land and the mobilization of construction materials. Our staff, however, is equipped with the training and skills to continue to mobilize partners to end their own hunger in the Eastern Region. Empowering Women The Hunger Project-Ghana has pioneered the Women's Empowerment Program (WEP), which empowers women to become strong leaders in their households and communities. The WEP is a series of workshops that focus on legal, civic and reproductive health rights as well as leadership skills for selected women. The trained women, also known as â€Å"animators,† then carry out community-based educational activities using drama, mini-lectures and discussions. These animators are also trained to provide counseling and distribute non-prescriptive contraceptives. Microfinance Through its Microfinance Program in 2009, The Hunger Project disbursed 1,834 loans totaling $146,421. Partners in Ghana deposited $23,589 in savings during the year. Of the epicenters that are operating in Ghana, three have government-recognized Rural Banks and are self-reliant.

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Should We Abolish Pennies Free Essays

What would it be like without pennies? Without them we can’t use them for changes. Life would be different without pennies. Everything will have to change if we take out pennies in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Should We Abolish Pennies? or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. If we don’t have pennies, then everything will be rounded off to the nearest five or ten cents. All the products with extra changes in the sale will have to change the amount of its costs to a point where no penny is needed. That’s more work for the workers to do, making all the costs of the items in the store into an amount where pennies aren’t needed. What would happen to the 99 cents store? If the pennies were to be gone, it won’t have the 99 cents store anymore. Sure they can change the cost of items to a dollar, but that is one cent more than the customers used to pay. That may not sound like a lot of money, but think about it, if you buy one hundred items for one hundred dollars, you could’ve save one dollar and one dollar can save a person’s life from starvation. And if they change it to 95 cents, they will lose profit. The sign of the store will have to be changed to whatever cost they decided to change the items to, but they can’t change the sign to â€Å"$1 Store† because there are already a store called that. And if they do change the sign, that means that they have to use their own money to get the new sign, which also means they’ll have less money to use for other necessary things for the store. The sources say that the penny is the lowest denomination coin, but if it were to be gone, the nickel would be the lowest denomination coin. Would it end up like the pennies and would be abolish in the future years? Even if the pennies were to be completely gone, the nickels will have the same complaints that the pennies were having and the complaints of the lowest denomination coin will go on and on until there is no coins left. In taking the pennies off, memories of Abraham Lincoln will be gone. All the things Lincoln did for the U. S. will fade away. We will no longer see him in coins, the 16th president will be less recognized without having a penny as his memory source. Abraham Lincoln will be forever remember with the pennies! This is how it would be like without pennies. Everything will be rounded off up or down. Would you want that to happen? Would you want Abraham Lincoln’s memories to fade away? Every penny counts, just as â€Å"every vote counts†. We must save the pennies! How to cite Should We Abolish Pennies?, Papers

Detailing About the Security Issue Related †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Detailing About The Security Issue Related? Answer: Introduction Before detailing about the security issue related to IoT, it is very crucial to understand what does it mean. IoT or Internet of Things is basically a system which helps to connect various devices to each other such as a television, washing machine, animals etc. These objects are provided with exclusive identifiers and have the capability to transport information over a network without the need of any interaction between two humans or the human and computer. In the Internet of Things, things may comprise of anything between a heart monitor implant in case of an individual, a biochip transponder in case of a farm animal to a car which has built in sensors to make the driver aware if the pressure of tyre is low. An IoT can help the various entities lessen the expenditure via ad hoc procedural efficiencies. IoT has a whole array of benefits to offer, due to which even the government is supporting energy companies to convert the present meters into smart ones (Turner 2016). Here all the data and information will become automated thus enabling to utilise less energy. Background However, with the advent of internet, there is always a question as to whether it is safe or not. Security is one of the biggest challenges posed by IoT. These systems and equipments connected to IoT have a whole lot of personal data stored within them such as the smart meters would know the house number of the meter owners and what electronics are being used within that house and these are further shared with other devices and held in databases by companies. It has said that many efforts are not being put to security fences into an IoT at the initial stages and the same can be proved due to various equipments which have been attacked by the hackers from the connected baby monitors to the traffic signals as well. Although IoT is safe since not many use it even now, yet the same have their own lapses which have to be looked upon. The interconnection of devices and objects via IoT has led to the emergence of biggest risk associated i.e. infection of one equipment can lead to infection of all those which are connected with that equipment. This is what has endangered the most vital infrastructures which otherwise would be protected. Past instances have made it clear that IoT is also subject to its own varsity which has led to the security lapses (Qiang et.al. 2013). The same is due to the vulnerability in the existing interaction system and software which are linked to the main nodal infrastructural point such as the personal laptops and such systems which are utilised for the official purpose and surveillance cameras have been targeted to lead to illegitimate entrance via the external medium. The report connotes the various security issues related to IoT and what all protection mechanisms are presently being used for defending against the said issues. Security Challenges Posed By Iot IoT has posed several challenges with regards the security related stances since inception. However, earlier since the number of users were small, hence the same was not very insecure, but with the increasing number of users, the hackers have started targeting the IoT connected devices as well. Thus it poses several challenges to the security of those devices which are all interconnected to each other. While budding any IoT application protection and trying frameworks play an imperative role. The most basic security hiccup in an IoT environment is that it boosts the number of equipments behind ones networks firewall (Yousuf et al.2015) . The concern of the people and the organizations has multiplied from only personal systems and smart phones to protecting devices such as cars, home appliances, wearable and such other devices which support IoT (Bekara, 2014). This has increased the options of the devices to be hacked. It is quite common nowadays to hear that the IoT attackers have at tacked and thus controlled the remotely control cars and thus ensure that the car runs as per their will. These attackers do not stop here, they may even end up intruding into the baby monitors or the thermostat so as to discover personal data of a person. Another security issue with regards IoT or the devices connected via IoT is that the tech companies have although started to discover newer devices but they lack in updating these devices enough or not at all. Thus it means that the IoT device which was once purchased can gradually become unsafe due to absence of regular updates (Eastwood. 2017). The corporations will be hit by a million of data from all sides of the IoT i.e. across all sensors which are connected. However the organisations are quite unsure about the protection of the said data. Such as the electricity boards being able to gather data automatically due to installation of smart meters. But these meters can be hacked to under-report the usage of energy. Presently one can easily buy an anti-virus and download it in their personal computers but unfortunately the said system is absent in an IoT device. Thus lack of built in security into these IoT connected devices and equipments fail to create trust and integrity of information stored in them. The main aim behind an IoT system is to ensure that the life of people becomes easy thus ensuring that efficiency and output enhances of the staff of any entity. Such a huge amount of information gathered will help in ensuring making better decisions. However unfortunately the said system will have a long lasting implication on the personal safety expectations. If the gathered facts and figured gets hacked then it will definitely challenge the trust people have imposed on IoT. The attackers are expected to hack the main systems rather than just the other connected devices (Suchitra Vandana 2016). However installing a string security track towards the end of an equipment is important, but if understood from a hackers view point, they would prefer not to impress upon any particular device when they know that hacking the entire application that controls these devices will give them access to numerous devices connected at one go (Samani, 2014). Thus it can be rightly said omnipresent co nnectivity will lead to multiplying IoT threats and security challenges. Lastly, the challenge posed by IoT is that its hack can lead to financial losses as well as harm to the physical well being as well. The hacking of an IoT can even lead to destroying a persons health also as was witnessed in August 2016, when the cyber security organization MedSec found out IoT weaknesses in the pacemakers which was manufactured by St. Ju-de Medical Research from Muddy Waters then accused St. Jude to investors leading to probable regulatory actions. Most of the IoT devices do not have a user interface because of which they are unable to get notification about any updates available (Das Sharma, 2016). However, looking towards the various challenges posed by an IoT, several protection mechanisms are being installed. Protection Mechanism It is very crucial to ensure that IoT is secured since its usage is increasing with every passing day. If the same is not taken up on priority then the various opportunities that it has to offer to the business houses will be undercut. When the product managers work in conjunction to the security specialists while planning a roadmap for the development of a product, for them considering security is a key concern while designing the product plan, its features and the way it would function. Such a collaboration of the two will ensure that the business opportunities and the security anxieties are well balanced and any kind of such weaknesses can be discovered at the start of the product lifecycle (Madukan Date, 2016). Another protection mechanism that can be implemented is the risk management mechanism, although the said procedure is an age old one, yet the business houses are required to find out the hiccups where their entities would be exposed to by analysing the various risk related situations and the ultimate implication of such attacks on the entity as well as the final users (Press, 2017). Authentication is also a very successful mechanism to protect IoT connected devices. Mutual authentication is a must between the various devices so that it can be proven that the same is worth to be trusted. Even though the internet fails to give dependable endpoint verification yet there are various other ways available. One such alternative solution is cryptography also although it is also subject to some vulnerabilities (Hanna, 2015). Lastly, the compilation, combining, observing and normalising information from the various devices connected to IoT is done and conducting such reporting strategies which is actionable by nature so that the matter can be brought under control when it falls outside the domains of the set policies (Roman et.al. 2011). IoT related analytics would be required in future to find out attacks specific to IoT and such attacks that cannot be found out by the traditional and age old security alarms such as firewalls. The said attack identifier are complicated artificial intelligence machines, big data techniques and machine learning (Pollard, 2016). Conclusion Thus while summarising the said stance of IoT and its related security hacks and ways and means of protecting these hacks, it can still be construed that IoT is reliable to some extent. Various attempts are being made to ensure that the same is safe and secure from any kind of susceptibility. Thus to ensure the same various mergers and such collaborations have taken place which would help to provide a more secure environment to IoT. One of the most prominent example is that of Vodafone who are the founders of the Internet of Things Security Foundation who are entrusted with the opportunity of verifying the devices which are interlinked to the internet for any kind of defaults weaknesses. They would further give a hand towards those who provide technology safety, those who adapt to the systems and the ultimate users. Researches are being conducted on a continuous basis which help to mingle the extent of safety of IoT once the internet and the concerned IoT device is connected to each other. The fact that IoT is a very vital part of the life of many cannot be denied or ignored. Thus due to the same, the safety issues should be addressed on an immediate basis which is possible only if the companies across the borders come along and work in cohesion towards emergence of a safer IoT environment. References: Bekara,C. (2014). Security Issues and Challenges for the IoT based Smart Grid. Procedia Computer Science. 34. 532-537. Retrieved from https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877050914009193/1-s2.0-S1877050914009193-main.pdf?_tid=aa3caddc-334a-11e7-a2a4-00000aacb361acdnat=1494178323_79fdd209eb4ed5f44d5af91545bb4453 Das,D. Sharma,B. (2016). General Survey on Security Issues on Internet of Things. International Journal of Computer Applications. 139(2). 23-29 Eastwood,G. (2017). 4 critical security challenges facing IoT. Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/3166106/internet-of-things/4-critical-security-challenges-facing-iot.html Hanna,S. (2015). 6 Ways to Boost IoT Security. Retrieved from https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/6-ways-boost-iot-security/ Madukan,S., Date,H. (2016). Security Mechanisms for Connectivity of Smart Devices in the Internet of Things. Springer International Publishing: Switzerland. Pollard,J. (2016). Meet IoT security challenges head-on. Retrieved from https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Meet-IoT-security-challenges-head-on Press,G. (2017). 6 Hot Internet of Things (IoT) Security Technologies. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/03/20/6-hot-internet-of-things-iot-security-technologies/#26325fb51b49 Qiang,C., Quan,G., Yu,B. Yang,L. (2013). Research on Security Issues of the Internet of Things. International Journal Of Future Generation Communication and Networking. 6(6). 1-10. Retrieved from https://www.sersc.org/journals/IJFGCN/vol6_no6/1.pdf Roman,R. Najera,P., Lopez, J. (2011). Securing the Internet of Things. IEEE Computer. 44. 51-58. Retrieved from https://www.nics.uma.es/pub/papers/1633.pdf Samani,R. (2014). 3 key security challenges for the Internet of Things . Retrieved from https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/3-key-security-challenges-internet-things/ Suchitra,C., Vandana C.P. (2016). Internet of Things and Security Issues. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing. 5(1). 133-139. Retrieved from https://www.ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/January2016/V5I1201636.pdf Turner,M. (2016). How to secure the Internet of Things. Retrieved from https://www.computerweekly.com/opinion/How-to-secure-the-internet-of-things Yousuf,T., Mahmoud,R., Aloul,F., Zualkernan,I. (2015). Internet of Things (IoT) Security: Current Status, Challenges and Countermeasures. International Journal for Information Security Research. 5(4). 608-616. Retrieved from https://www.aloul.net/Papers/faloul_ijisr15.pdf